
Saiba quais são os principais aspectos relacionados à essas particularidades para uma criança.
A prática de atividade física e esportes iniciada numa fase jovem da vida está relacionada a inúmeros benefícios à saúde no longo prazo e à aquisição de hábitos saudáveis para o resto da vida e, portanto, deve ser incentivada. No entanto, algumas particularidades próprias dessa fase relacionadas aos aspectos físicos e fisiológicos do crescimento e desenvolvimento expõem esses indivíduos a alguns riscos e por isso, são necessários cuidados e abordagens diferenciadas.
As principais peculiaridades da criança e adolescente esportista ou atleta estão relacionadas a aspectos metabólicos, aspectos ventilatórios e cardiovasculares, necessidades nutricionais, termorregulação, não-linearidade do crescimento e variações no grau de maturação. Falaremos um pouco sobre cada um desses fatores em seguida.
Aspectos Metabólicos
Há uma diferença significativa no percentual de tipagem das fibras musculares esqueléticas, com os indivíduos pré-púberes apresentando um maior percentual de fibras oxidativas (tipo I) em relação a fibras glicolíticas (tipo II). Este fator implica principalmente em:
· Menor capacidade anaeróbica em relação aos adultos, com pior desempenho em atividades de alta intensidade.
· Melhor adaptação para exercícios em ritmo estável e para utilização de gordura como substrato energético quando comparado a adultos.
Aspectos Ventilatórios e Cardiovasculares
Atletas mais jovens tipicamente apresentam uma resposta ventilatória exacerbada e com menor eficiência em relação aos adultos, com um baixo volume corrente e frequência respiratória aumentada para uma mesma intensidade relativa de esforço.
A ventilação atingida no pico do esforço também aumenta progressivamente na medida em que o crescimento ocorre. Os principais fatores que estão relacionados a essas mudanças são o aumento da complacência do tecido pulmonar, aumento da estatura, aumento da massa magra e melhora dos mecanismos neurais de regulação.
Por apresentar um menor volume cardíaco e sanguíneo, níveis mais baixos de catecolaminas circulantes, menor responsividade dos receptores adrenérgicos e uma menor força de contração das células musculares do coração, as crianças apresentam um menor volume de ejeção sistólico e débito cardíaco durante o exercício.
Como mecanismo compensatório a estes fatores, a frequência cardíaca apresenta tipicamente uma resposta exacerbada para uma mesma intensidade relativa de esforço nessa população.
Entretanto, os atletas jovens possuem uma recuperação pós-exercício mais rápida. O tamanho menor do corpo e consequentemente, da distância e tempo para circulação sanguínea, confere vantagens na cinética de oxigênio e de lactato nestes indivíduos. Esta melhor recuperação pode conferir tolerância natural a maiores volumes de treino ou estímulos repetitivos, o que pode aumentar significativamente o risco de lesões por sobrecarga e exigir um controle rigoroso da carga de treinamento.
Necessidades Nutricionais
A nutrição na infância e na adolescência é de suma importância, já que se trata de uma fase de rápido crescimento e geralmente, de alto gasto energético devido aos níveis de atividade frequente. É particularmente durante a adolescência que boa parte dos hábitos alimentares que perpetuarão na fase adulta são formados. Uma alimentação saudável e que forneça energia e nutrientes suficientes é fundamental não somente para o desempenho esportivo, mas também para que o crescimento e desenvolvimento ocorra adequadamente.
As necessidades de ingestão protéica nesta fase, por exemplo, são maiores do que nas fases posteriores da vida e, apesar de ainda controverso, atualmente já é aceito que a ingestão protéica pode ser de até 2,0 g/kg por dia.
A deficiência de micronutrientes como as vitaminas (principalmente do complexo B), cálcio e ferro devem ter especial atenção nessa população, pois são de importante papel no desempenho esportivo e no crescimento e desenvolvimento. No entanto, o uso indiscriminado de suplementos vitamínicos ou minerais devem ser desencorajados, se não houver quadro clínico sugestivo de deficiência ou restrições dietéticas que o deixe vulnerável à deficiência.
Termorregulação
Atletas jovens possuem mecanismos de termorregulação menos eficientes, pois ganham calor proveniente do ambiente mais facilmente, devido a sua área de superfície corporal proporcionalmente maior, enquanto que a capacidade de suar e dissipar o calor por evaporação é reduzida. Além disso, a aclimatação ao calor demanda um maior tempo nestes indivíduos, o que merece atenção. A hidratação adequada é fundamental para ajudar a prevenir as complicações do estresse térmico.
Não-Linearidade Do Crescimento
O crescimento normal da criança acontece de maneira não-linear e influencia diretamente nas proporções do corpo. Ao nascer, a criança apresenta a cabeça e o tronco proporcionalmente maiores e à medida que se desenvolve, as extremidades começam a apresentar um crescimento maior, até se chegar a um equilíbrio nas proporções do corpo. Essas diferenças do tamanho dos membros e proporcionalidade do corpo conferem à criança características biomecânicas diferentes das dos adultos, e em alguns casos, isso pode representar um risco de lesão aumentado para determinadas sobrecargas.
Variações Associadas Ao Grau De Maturação
Crianças com mesma idade cronológica podem encontrar-se em estágio de maturação biológica completamente diferentes, o que além de influenciar na diferença de desempenho, pode expor o jovem atleta menos maduro a um risco aumentado de lesões, principalmente nos esportes de contato, já que em geral, a idade cronológica é a utilizada para organizar as categorias de disputa.
Por Dr. João Antonio da Silva Jr. Médico do esporte / Sportif.
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